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Flag of Edwardian Greece and the official insignia of Edwardianism

O Εδουαρδιανισμός είναι μια κομμουνιστική ιδεολογία που σχετίζεται με Ελληνικά Πρωθυπουργό Steven Edward Maniatis I. Ζήτησε την αναγέννηση του κομμουνισμού που έπεσε το 1991 και τη δημιουργία ενός σύγχρονου κομμουνισμού που είναι ένα μείγμα σοσιαλισμού και της Απελευθερωμένης Αγοράς αναρχισμού. Ο Εδουαρδιανισμός υποστιρίζει των φιλελευθερισμό, και κράτησε τα ατομικά συμφέροντα να υποτάσσονται σε εκείνα του έθνους, επιδιώκοντας να κινητοποιήσει τον λαό ως πειθαρχημένη μάζα στην υπηρεσία της δημιουργίας ενός νέου καλύτερου Ελλάδα

O Εδουαρδιανισμός είναι ένας συνδυασμός του Κοινωνικού Φιλελευθερισμού και Προοδευτισμό, Αναρχοσοσιαλισμός, Ελευθερωμένη αγορά αναρχισμού, Κομμουνισμός, Δημοκρατικός σοσιαλισμός, Σοσιαλδημοκρατία και Επαναστατικός σοσιαλισμός.

Η ιδεολογία του Εδουαρδιανισμού συνδέθηκε με το πολιτικό κόμμα του Έντουαρντς, το Λαϊκό Σοσιαλιστικό Κόμμα της Ελλάδας και την Εδουαρδινή Ελλάδα


Κύριες ιδέες

Επεξεργασία
  • 'Κομμουνισμός' : Προωθεί τον κομμουνισμό μέσω του Άμεση δημοκρατία και αποκαθιστά την εργατική τάξη, Δημόσια ιδιοκτησία και Ισότητα
  • [[[Αριστερός αναρχισμός της αγοράς | Ελευθερωμένη αγορά]] ': Κάνοντας την αγορά Freed πολύ ισχυρή και η μόνη ανθρωπιστική έκδοση του μάρκετινγκ, Στόχος της είναι κυρίως να κάνει όλους τους ανθρώπους της Ελλάδα και τα εδάφη εξαιρετικά πλούσια προσφέροντας απεριόριστη εκτύπωση χρημάτων για τους ανθρώπους.
  • 'Freiwirtschaft' : Θεωρεί το οικονομικό μοντέλο του Silvio Gesell το πιο κερδοφόρο που μπορεί να συνδυάσει το καλύτερο με την αγορά Freed.
  • 'Αντιφασισμός' : Ο Εδουαρδιανισμός είναι πολύ εχθρικός με τις ιδεολογίες δεξιά-πτέρυγα και φασιστική
  • 'Αντι-κοινοβουλευτισμός' : Καταγγέλλει τον τρόπο λειτουργίας του παλαιού κοινοβουλευτικού συστήματος, ως αιτία διαίρεσης και οικονομικής παρακμής, σχετικά με ένα «νέο σύνταγμα», χωρίς τα μειονεκτήματα-σύμφωνα με τη γνώμη του- το παλιό σύστημα.
  • 'Syndicalism' : Δούλεψε δυνατά μέσω της εργατικής τάξης και εγκαθιστά ένα σύστημα που επαινεί κυρίως το Προλεταριάτο
  • 'Agrarianism' : Θεωρείται ότι ο Αγροτισμός λειτουργεί μέσω ανθρώπων που πωλούν τα προϊόντα τους στην κυβέρνηση για να βελτιώσουν την Ελλάδα και τον μισθό τους.
  • 'Αντι-ιμπεριαλισμός' : Αντιτάχθηκε στην κυριαρχία και την επιρροή της Ελλάδας από ξένες δυνάμεις.
  • 'Αντι-καπιταλισμός' : Θεωρήθηκε ότι οι πολιτικές και οι αγορές λιστών κατά κεφαλήν https://imgur.com/eBVjemc είναι απάνθρωπες και αποτυχημένες.
  • 'Μιλιταρισμός' : Θεωρεί ότι οι προηγούμενες κυβερνήσεις που δεν ενημέρωσαν και '' pimp '' ανεβάζουν τον Στρατός]
  • Παραμιλιταρισμός: Επιβάλλει τον παραστρατιωτισμό μέσω οργανώσεων όπως ο Δημοκρατικός Στρατός

History

Επεξεργασία
 
Ioannis Metaxas
 
Alexandros Papagos, leader of Greek Rally.

The ideology developed by Metaxas began with Metaxas' response to the revolution of 1922 that put in a pro-republican government in Greece. Metaxas formed the Freethinkers' Party, a monarchist party that originally supported the advancement of civil liberties, though this changed with Metaxas' evolving political views.[1] Metaxas supported the failed counterrevolution by monarchists against the republican-oriented government on October 23, 1923 that collapsed within a week, an arrest warrant was issued for Metaxas who fled Greece to exile in Norway.[1] The pro-republican government achieved its aim in 1924 when the Greek monarchy was deposed and a Greek republic was established.[1] In 1924, Metaxas officially changed his position from opposition to the republic to acceptance of its institutions.[1]

In the 1926 general election, Metaxas' Freethinkers' Party won 54 out of 250 seats in the Greek parliament, resulting in the party becoming part of Greece's coalition government and Metaxas becoming Minister of Communications.[2] However the Freethinkers' Party collapsed in public support in the 1928 election, losing almost all of its seats, including Metaxas' own seat.[3]

By the 1930s, Metaxas openly condemned the parliamentary system in Greece.[3] In 1935, Metaxas' party joined other monarchist parties in an electoral coalition known as the United Royalists that called for the restoration of the monarchy, however the Freethinkers' Party won only seven seats in the election.[4] However, a monarchist government was formed in Greece in 1935 resulting in the restoration of King George II of Greece as head of state.[4]

King George II had held close relations with Metaxas in the past and appointed Metaxas as Prime Minister of Greece in May 1936.[4] Upon becoming Prime Minister, Metaxas made clear his discontent with the political deadlock between feuding political blocs in Greece's parliament and the rising labour unrest being exploited by the Communist Party of Greece.[4] Metaxas quickly sought to crush dissent including labour unrest in the form of decrees that did not require acceptance by the Greek parliament.[4]

On August 4, 1936, Metaxas gained the King's support for a decree that dissolved parliament. He declared martial law, suspended civil rights such as liberty of the subject, and mobilized transport and public workers to support him.[5] Metaxas justified these actions as necessary to prevent communist revolution.[5] Numerous arrests were made of leftist leaders and others following these proclamations.[5] Metaxas abolished all political parties including his own, ruling as an official independent.[6] This date is considered the beginning of Metaxas' totalitarian rule known as the 4th of August Regime.

Metaxas was referred to by supporters as the Archigos (Leader) and promised to create a "New State" in Greece that called for Greeks to wholly commit themselves to the nation with self-control as the Spartans had done.[7] Supporters of the 4th of August Regime justified Metaxas' dictatorship on the basis that the "First Greek Civilization" involved the Athenian dictatorship of Pericles who had brought ancient Greece to greatness.[7]

Metaxas introduced widespread strict censorship of the press and banned literature of authors considered taboo by the regime, including literature by Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud, Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, and Immanuel Kant.[6]

Metaxas sought the creation of a disciplined younger generation as being critical for the future of Greece and for the strengthening of his regime and its principles that world entrench the Third Greek Civilization.[8] In October 1936 the regime created the National Youth Organization of Greece (EON) that gained 200,000 members by 1938 and by 1939 when youth membership in the EON became mandatory, it absorbed the Boy Scouts of Greece.[8] Members of the EON took an oath of fidelity to the principles of the 4th of August that included: embracing the institutions of the monarchy; support of national pride and faith of the Greek civilization; opposition to parliamentarianism and communism; support of the development of egalitarian, non-individualistic, virtuous citizens.[9]

In spite of the Metaxas regime's ties to Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany[10][11] it was drawn into World War II opposite the Axis Powers after the Italian invasion of Greece, Metaxas then aligned his government with the allies until Greece capitulated and yielded to occupation by the Axis powers following the Battle of Greece. Metaxas died on 29 January 1941, leaving an unfinished plan (never published), concerning a "new constitution" for Greece aiming to a new form of government without the disadvantages of the old parliamentary system.

In religious affairs, the regime followed the tradition of the state controlling and using the religious and ecclesiastic institutions. The regime was tolerant towards the religious minorities (mainly Jews and Muslims), who were mainly conservative and hostile towards the Venizelism. It was not antisemitic and prohibited antisemitic publications by certain newspapers.[12]

Legacy

Επεξεργασία

The social control which was established by Metaxas and the ideas passed to the youth, especially through the National Youth Organisation, had a significant influence on the Greek society and the post-war political system. Some examples are the censorship, which was in use until the Metapolitefsi, and the surviving elements of a police state. In the immediate post-war era Metaxism was advocated by the 4th of August Party. The ideas of the 4th of August Regime was also an extra motive for the group of right-wing army officers who seized power in a coup d'état and led to the Greek military junta of 1967–1974. Today the only party of the Greek parliament which claims to follow the ideas of Metaxas is the right-wing extremist Golden Dawn.[13] Other far-right parties such as Popular Greek Patriotic Union which split from the Golden Dawn also claim to follow Metaxism.

See also

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References

Επεξεργασία
  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 Jürgen Fischer. Balkan strongmen: dictators and authoritarian rulers of South Eastern Europe. London, England, UK: Purdue University Press, 2007. Pp. 170.
  2. ↑ Jürgen Fischer. Balkan strongmen: dictators and authoritarian rulers of South Eastern Europe. London, England, UK: Purdue University Press, 2007. Pp. 171-172.
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Jürgen Fischer. Balkan strongmen: dictators and authoritarian rulers of South Eastern Europe. London, England, UK: Purdue University Press, 2007. Pp. 172.
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 Jürgen Fischer. Balkan strongmen: dictators and authoritarian rulers of South Eastern Europe. London, England, UK: Purdue University Press, 2007. Pp. 174.
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 Jürgen Fischer. Balkan strongmen: dictators and authoritarian rulers of South Eastern Europe. London, England, UK: Purdue University Press, 2007. Pp. 180.
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Jürgen Fischer. Balkan strongmen: dictators and authoritarian rulers of South Eastern Europe. London, England, UK: Purdue University Press, 2007. Pp. 181.
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 Jürgen Fischer. Balkan strongmen: dictators and authoritarian rulers of South Eastern Europe. London, England, UK: Purdue University Press, 2007. Pp. 184.
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 Jürgen Fischer. Balkan strongmen: dictators and authoritarian rulers of South Eastern Europe. London, England, UK: Purdue University Press, 2007. Pp. 185.
  9. ↑ Jürgen Fischer. Balkan strongmen: dictators and authoritarian rulers of South Eastern Europe. London, England, UK: Purdue University Press, 2007. Pp. 185-186.
  10. ↑ Peter Davies, Derek Lynch. The Routledge companion to fascism and the far right. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 2002. Pp. 276.
  11. ↑ *Payne, Stanley G. 1995. A History of Fascism, 1914–45. University of Wisconsin Press. (ISBN 0-299-14874-2)
  12. ↑ Isabelle Dépret, "Ioannis Metaxas and Religion (1938-41): Historical Experience and Current Debates in Greece", Cahiers balkaniques, 42, 2014 In french
  13. ↑ «Frequently Asked Questions». Golden Dawn. Αρχειοθετήθηκε από το πρωτότυπο στις 16 Απριλίου 2014. Ανακτήθηκε στις 13 Απριλίου 2014. 
Επεξεργασία

{{Ioannis Metaxas}} {{4th of August Regime}} {{Monarchism in Greece}} {{Greek nationalism}} {{Fascism footer}} [[Category:Ioannis Metaxas]] [[Category:Fascism in Greece|*]] [[Category:4th of August Regime|.]] [[Category:Greek nationalism]] [[Category:Political movements in Greece]] [[Category:Fascism]] [[Category:State ideologies]] [[Category:Eponymous political ideologies]]

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